Legalization of Polygamy
What is the issue?
The duality of persons in marriage is rooted in the complementarity of the two genders. Reducing marriage to a genderless institution between consenting adults begs the question of how the state can continue to discriminate against plural marriage.
"The issue was hard to discuss candidly while same-sex marriage was still pending, because both sides knew that association with plural marriage, a more unpopular cause, could have stymied progress for gay rights. . . . With same-sex marriage on the books, we can now ask whether polyamorous relationships should be next." (Richard A. Posner, NYT Op-Ed)
"If the male-female nature of marriage is utterly arbitrary, what’s so special about the number two? What is the principled reason for denying 'marriage equality' to threes and fours and more?" (Ryan Anderson, Daily Signal)
"Although the majority randomly inserts the adjective 'two' in various places, it offers no reason at all why the two-person element of the core definition of marriage may be preserved while the man-woman element may not. Indeed, from the standpoint of history and tradition, a leap from opposite-sex marriage to same-sex marriage is much greater than one from a two-person union to plural unions, which have deep roots in some cultures around the world. If the majority is willing to take the big leap, it is hard to see how it can say no to the shorter one. It is striking how much of the majority’s reasoning would apply with equal force to the claim of a fundamental right to plural marriage." (Chief Justice John Roberts, Obergefell v. Hodges dissent)
Multimedia
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Would Gay Marriage Lead To Legal Polygamy? (audio), with Jonathan Rauch and Austin Nimocks (NPR)
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NYU Prof: I'm for Same-Sex Marriage But Really Against Marriage (YouTube), with Judith Stacey (edited by Heritage Foundation) - See full debate
Liberal arguments
- Marriage between consenting adults is a fundamental right about**autonomy and fulfillment.** "By those lights, groups of adults who have profound polyamorous attachments and wish to build families and join the community have a strong claim to a right to marry." (Posner)
- Not all polygamy is patriarchal or heterosexual. "Plural relationships could well be (and in some circles today are) between multiple people of both sexes, not all of whom are strictly heterosexual." (Posner)
- Polygamy is unfairly stereotyped. "It was not that long ago that many people held vicious stereotypes about same-sex relationships that led them to wrongly assume that gay people were unfit for marriage. We should not make the same mistake in assuming we know what plural marriages in the future would be like." (Posner)
- Abuses can be mitigated by normalization and regulated by legal recognition of polygamy. "But this [abuse] is all the more reason to bring polygamy out from the margins of our society. As with sex work, the horrors here have little to do with anything inherent in the practice and almost everything to do with the fact that we've made it illegal and dishonourable." (W.W., The Economist)
- Serious monogamy is a late development. "If you think about it, actual monogamy has never been the Western norm. A monogamous ideal, sure—but men could always sleep around, hire prostitutes, and even have long-term affairs with few societal consequences... It’s only in the last hundred years or so that monogamy has been taken so seriously, starting with the first wave of feminism and the 19th-century temperance movement." (Jay Michaelson, Daily Beast; articles suggests "same-sex marriage as a liberation gateway drug", but doesn't endorse polygamy)
- Polyamory is natural, and at least for some, a more satisfying option. "Perhaps the practice is more natural than we think: a response to the challenges of monogamous relationships, whose shortcomings—in a culture where divorce has become a commonplace—are clear. Everyone in a relationship wrestles at some point with an eternal question: can one person really satisfy every need? Polyamorists think the answer is obvious—and that it's only a matter of time before the monogamous world sees there's more than one way to live and love." (Jessica Bennett, Newsweek)
Christian response
"The duality of the complementary sexes, ordained as such by the Creator, according to Jesus is the only rational basis for eliminating absolutely sexual unions of three or more persons." - Robert Gagnon
Books
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In Defense of Plural Marriage, by Ronald C. Den Otter (Cambridge University Press, 2015)
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Unhitched: Love, Marriage, and Family Values from West Hollywood to Western China, by Judith Stacey (NYU Press, 2011) - opposes criminalization of polygamy (see Nancy Polikoff's review)
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Minimizing Marriage: Marriage, Morality, and the Law, by Elizabeth Brake (Oxford University Press, 2012) - "Liberal reasons for recognizing same-sex marriage also require recognition of groups, polyamorists, polygamists, friends, urban tribes, and adult care networks." (see Roderick Long's review)
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The Polyamorists Next Door: Inside Multiple-Partner Relationships and Families, by Elisabeth Sheff (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2013)
External links
Favorable or sympathetic
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Three May Not Be a Crowd: The Case for a Constitutional Right to Plural Marriage, by Ronald C. Den Otter (Emory Law Journal)
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The Evolution of Plural Parentage: Applying Vulnerability Theory to Polygamy and Same-Sex Marriage, by Stu Marvel (Emory Law Journal)
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It’s Time to Legalize Polygamy - Why group marriage is the next horizon of social liberalism, by Fredrik Deboer (Politico)
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Every bad argument against polygamy, debunked, by Fredrik Deboer
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Is Polygamy Next?, by William Baude (New York Times Op-Ed)
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Legalize Polygamy! No. I am not kidding, by Jillian Keenan (Slate)
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Polygamy now!, by W.W. (The Economist)
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BeyondMarriage.org full statement - "Who among us seriously will argue that the following kinds of households are less socially, economically, and spiritually worthy? ... Committed, loving households in which there is more than one conjugal partner"
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Polyamory: The Next Sexual Revolution?, by Jessica Bennett (Newsweek)
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How Many Polyamorists Are There in the U.S.?, by Elizabeth Sheff (Psychology Today)
Critical
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Same-sex Marriage and Slippery Slopes (PDF), by Eugene Volokh (Hofstra Law Review)
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Same-Sex Marriage and Polygamy: A Non-Traditional Pairing (PDF), by David Lake (BYU Prelaw Review, vol. 24, 2010)
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The Case Against Polygamy, by William Saletan (Slate)
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The Case Against Encouraging Polygamy, by Conor Friedersdorf (The Atlantic)
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The puzzle of monogamous marriage (PDF), by Joseph Henrich, Robert Boyd, and Peter J. Richerson (Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B)
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No, Polygamy Isn’t the Next Gay Marriage, by Jonathan Rauch (Politico)
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Robert Gagnon on the inadequacies of Rauch's arguments against polygamy (Facebook)
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John Roberts’ Gay Marriage Dissent Is Wrong About Polygamy—and the Constitution, by Stephen Macedo (Slate)
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Dan Savage Versus Monogamy, by Ross Douthat (New York Times Op-Ed)
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Marriage, Polygamy, and Religious Liberty, by Peter Sprigg and Travis Weber (Family Research Council)
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Is Polyamory Next?, by Robert P. George (American Interest)
In the news
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Emory Law Journal symposium on a constitutional right to polygamy (Washington Post)
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Married lesbian ‘throuple’ expecting first child (New York Post)
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Polygamous Montana trio applies for wedding license, by Matt Volz (AP)
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Two Moms, One Dad, Two Babies Make One Big Happy Polyamorous Family, by Abbie Boudeau (ABC News)
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My two husbands, by Angi Becker Stevens (Salon)
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Utah cites Warren Jeff as reason polygamy should be illegal (KSL)
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Gay married couple get divorced to include a third man (Daily Mail)
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'I do, I do, I do:' Brazilian female trio get hitched, by Laura Bonilla (AFP)
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OkCupid Adds a Feature for the Polyamorous (The Atlantic)